I-endoscopy yezilwanyana iguqukele ekubeni sisixhobo esikhethekileyo sokuxilonga yaba yintsika ephambili yendlela yanamhlanje yokunyanga izilwanyana, ivumela ukubona ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokungenelela okuncinci kwiintlobo zezilwanyana. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, eli candelo liye laguquka kakhulu ngokudibana kwezobuchwepheshe bokubona, boomatshini, kunye nobedijithali. Uphuhliso lwakutshanje, oluquka umzobo ochanekileyo, ukukhanya kwe-narrowband, iinkqubo ezincediswa yirobhothi, ukuxilongwa okuqhutywa bubukrelekrele bokwenziwa (AI), kunye noqeqesho olusekelwe kwi-virtual reality (VR), lwandise ububanzi be-endoscopy ukusuka kwiinkqubo ezilula zesisu ukuya kwiindlela ezintsonkothileyo zotyando lwesifuba kunye nolwe-orthopedic. Ezi zinto zintsha ziphucule kakhulu ukuchaneka kokuxilongwa, ukuchaneka kotyando, kunye neziphumo zasemva kotyando, ngelixa zikwanegalelo ekuphuculeni impilo-ntle yezilwanyana kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezonyango. Nangona kunjalo, i-endoscopy yezilwanyana isajongene nemingeni enxulumene neendleko, uqeqesho, kunye nokufikeleleka, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinqongopheleyo kwezixhobo. Olu phononongo lubonelela ngohlalutyo olupheleleyo lophuhliso lwetekhnoloji, usetyenziso lwezonyango, kunye neendlela ezintsha kwi-endoscopy yezilwanyana ukusuka ngo-2000 ukuya ku-2025, lugxininisa izinto ezintsha eziphambili, imida, kunye namathuba exesha elizayo aya kuyila isizukulwana esilandelayo sokuxilongwa kwezilwanyana kunye nonyango.
Amagama angundoqo: i-endoscopy yezilwanyana; i-laparoscopy; ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa; utyando lwerobhothi; iindlela ezingaphantsi kakhulu; imifanekiso yezilwanyana; inyani ebonakalayo; uyilo olutsha lokuxilonga; utyando lwezilwanyana; iteknoloji ye-endoscopic.
1. Intshayelelo
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, unyango lwezilwanyana luye lwatshintsha indlela olusebenza ngayo, i-endoscopy yaba sisiseko sobuchule bokuxilonga nonyango. Ekuqaleni yaguqulwa kwiinkqubo zonyango zabantu, i-endoscopy yezilwanyana iye yaguquka ngokukhawuleza yaba yinkalo ekhethekileyo equka imifanekiso yokuxilonga, izicelo zotyando lwamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezemfundo. Uphuhliso lwe-fiber optics eziguquguqukayo kunye neenkqubo ezincediswa yividiyo kwenze ukuba oogqirha bezilwanyana bakwazi ukubona izakhiwo zangaphakathi ngokulimala okuncinci, okuphucula kakhulu ukuchaneka kokuxilonga kunye nokuchacha kwesigulane (Fransson, 2014). Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe-endoscopy yezilwanyana bekulinganiselwe kwiinkqubo zokuhlola isisu kunye neendlela zomoya, kodwa iinkqubo zanamhlanje ngoku zixhasa uluhlu olubanzi lokungenelela, kubandakanya i-laparoscopy, i-arthroscopy, i-thoracoscopy, i-cystoscopy, kunye ne-hysteroscopy kunye ne-otoscopy (Radhakrishnan, 2016; Brandão & Chernov, 2020). Okwangoku, ukuhlanganiswa kwemifanekiso yedijithali, ukuphathwa kwerobhothi, kunye nokuqatshelwa kwepateni esekwe kwi-AI kuphakamisa ii-endoscopes zezilwanyana ukusuka kwizixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngesandla ukuya kwiinkqubo zokuxilonga eziqhutywa yidatha ezinokukwazi ukutolika ngexesha langempela kunye nempendulo (Gomes et al., 2025).
Inkqubela phambili ukusuka kwizixhobo ezisisiseko zokubona izinto ukuya kwiinkqubo zedijithali ezichaza kakhulu ibonisa ugxininiso olukhulayo kutyando lwezilwanyana olungena emzimbeni (i-MIS). Xa kuthelekiswa notyando oluvulekileyo lwendabuko, i-MIS inika iintlungu ezinciphileyo emva kotyando, ukuchacha ngokukhawuleza, ukunqunyulwa okuncinci, kunye neengxaki ezimbalwa (uLiu noHuang, 2024). Ke ngoko, i-endoscopy ihlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo sokhathalelo lwezilwanyana olusekelwe kwintlalontle, olusekelwe ngokuchanekileyo, olubonelela kungekuphela nje ngeenzuzo zeklinikhi kodwa nokuphucula isakhelo sokuziphatha kwezonyango lwezilwanyana (uYitbarek noDagnaw, 2022). Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji, olufana nomfanekiso we-chip-based, ukukhanya kwe-light-emitting diode (LED), ukubona ngeliso le-three-dimensional (3D), kunye neerobhothi ezinempendulo ye-haptic, ziye zachaza ngokutsha amandla e-endoscopy yanamhlanje. Okwangoku, ii-virtual reality (VR) kunye nee-augmented reality (AR) simulators ziye zaguqula uqeqesho lwezilwanyana, zibonelela ngemfundo yenkqubo enzulu ngelixa zinciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwizilingo zezilwanyana eziphilayo (uAghapour noBockstahler, 2022).
Nangona le nkqubela ibalulekileyo iqhubeka, eli candelo liyaqhubeka lijongene nemingeni. Iindleko eziphezulu zezixhobo, ukunqongophala kweengcali ezinezakhono, kunye nokufikelela okuncinci kwiinkqubo zoqeqesho oluphambili kuthintela ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi, ngakumbi kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi nephakathi (Regea, 2018; Yitbarek & Dagnaw, 2022). Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlanganiswa kwezobuchwepheshe obutsha, ezifana nohlalutyo lomfanekiso oluqhutywa yi-AI, i-endoscopy ekude, kunye ne-robotic automation, kubonisa imingeni yolawulo, yokuziphatha, kunye nokusebenzisana ekufuneka ijongwane nayo ukuze kufezekiswe amandla apheleleyo e-endoscopy yezilwanyana (Tonutti et al., 2017). Olu phononongo lubonelela ngokudibanisa okubalulekileyo kokuqhubela phambili, ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango, imida, kunye namathuba exesha elizayo e-endoscopy yezilwanyana. Isebenzisa uncwadi lwezemfundo oluqinisekisiweyo ukususela ngo-2000 ukuya ku-2025 ukuhlola ukuguquka kwetekhnoloji, impembelelo yayo yeklinikhi eguqulayo, kunye nefuthe layo kwixesha elizayo kwimpilo yezilwanyana kunye nemfundo.
2. Uphuhliso lwe-Endoscopy yezilwanyana
Imvelaphi ye-endoscopy yezilwanyana ikwiindlela zokuqala zokulungisa izixhobo zonyango zabantu. Phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, ii-endoscopes eziqinileyo zaqala ukusetyenziswa kwizilwanyana ezinkulu, ingakumbi amahashe, kwiimvavanyo zokuphefumla kunye nesisu, nangona zinkulu kwaye zingabonakali kangako (Swarup & Dwivedi, 2000). Ukuqaliswa kwe-fiber optics kamva kwenza ukuba kube lula ukuhamba ngaphakathi kwimingxuma yomzimba, kwabeka isiseko se-endoscopy yezilwanyana zanamhlanje. Ukufika kwe-endoscopy yevidiyo ngeminyaka yoo-1990 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000, kusetyenziswa iikhamera ze-charge-coupled device (CCD) ukubonisa imifanekiso yexesha langempela, kwaphucula kakhulu ukucaca komfanekiso, i-ergonomics, kunye nokurekhodwa kwetyala (Radhakrishnan, 2016). Ukuguqulwa ukusuka kwiinkqubo ze-analog ukuya kwidijithali kuye kwaphucula ngakumbi ukulungiswa komfanekiso kunye nokubonakala kwezakhiwo ze-mucosal kunye ne-vascular. UFransson (2014) ugxininisa ukuba i-laparoscopy yezilwanyana, eyayikhe yabonwa njengengasebenzi, ngoku ibalulekile kwiindlela zotyando eziqhelekileyo nezintsonkothileyo ezifana ne-liver biopsy, i-adrenalectomy, kunye ne-cholecystectomy (Yaghobian et al., 2024). Kwizonyango zamahashe, i-endoscopy itshintshe ukuxilongwa kokuphefumla ngokuvumela ukubonakala ngokuthe ngqo kwezilonda (Brandão & Chernov, 2020). Uphuhliso lweenkqubo ze-high-definition (HD) kunye ne-4K kwiminyaka yoo-2010s i-refined tissue differentiation, ngelixa i-narrow-band imaging (NBI) kunye ne-fluorescence endoscopy ziphucule ukubonwa kwe-mucosal kunye ne-vascular disorders (Gulati et al., kunye ne-robotics, i-digital imaging, kunye ne-wireless technologies). Iinkqubo ezincediswa yi-robot, ezifana ne-Vik y endoscope stent eguqulwe kutyando lomntu, ziphucule ukuchaneka kwi-laparoscopy kunye ne-thoracoscopy. Iingalo ze-robotic ezincinci ngoku zivumela ukuphathwa kwiintlobo ezincinci nezingaqhelekanga. I-Capsule endoscopy, eyayilungiselelwe abantu ekuqaleni, ivumela ukuboniswa kwe-gastrointestinal okungengonakalisiyo kwizilwanyana ezincinci kunye nezilwanyana ezitya ngaphandle kwe-anesthesia (Rathee et al., 2024). Inkqubela phambili yakutshanje kunxibelelwano lwedijithali iguqule i-endoscopy yaba yi-ecosystem eqhutywa yidatha. Ukuhlanganiswa kwelifu kuxhasa ukubonisana okukude kunye nokuxilongwa kwe-endoscopic okukude (Diez & Wohllebe, 2025), ngelixa iinkqubo ezincediswa yi-AI ngoku zinokubona ngokuzenzekelayo izilonda kunye neempawu zomzimba (Gomes et al., 2025). Olu phuhliso luguqule i-endoscopy ukusuka kwisixhobo sokuxilonga ukuya kwiqonga elisebenzisekayo lokhathalelo lweklinikhi, uphando, kunye nemfundo; ingundoqo ekuphuhlisweni kwezonyango lwezilwanyana olusekelwe kubungqina banamhlanje (Umfanekiso 1).
Izixhobo ze-endoscope yezilwanyana
I-Endoskopu: I-endoscope sisixhobo esiphambili kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo ye-endoscopic, eyenzelwe ukubonelela ngombono ocacileyo nochanekileyo we-anatomy yangaphakathi. Iqulathe izinto ezintathu eziphambili: ityhubhu yokufakelwa, isiphatho, kunye nentambo ye-umbilical (Umfanekiso 2-4).
- Ityhubhu yokufaka: Iqulethe indlela yokudlulisa umfanekiso: i-fiber optic bundle (i-fiber endoscope) okanye i-charging-coupled device (CCD) chip (i-video endoscope). I-Biopsy/aspiration channel, i-flushing/inflation channel, i-deflection control cable.
- Isiphatho: Sibandakanya iqhosha lokulawula ukujika, ukungena kwetshaneli encedisayo, ukufutha/ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kunye nevalvu yokufutha.
- Intambo ye-Umbilical: Inoxanduva lokuhambisa ukukhanya.
Ii-Endoscopes ezisetyenziswa kunyango lwezilwanyana zimbini iintlobo eziphambili: eziqinileyo neziguquguqukayo.
1. Ii-Endoscopes eziqinileyo: Ii-endoscopes eziqinileyo, okanye iiteleskopu, zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukuhlola izakhiwo ezingezizo iityhubhu, ezifana nemingxuma yomzimba kunye neendawo ezidibeneyo. Ziqulathe ityhubhu ethe tye, engaguqukiyo equlethe iilensi zeglasi kunye neendibano ze-fiber optic ezikhokela ukukhanya kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo. Ii-endoscopes eziqinileyo zifanelekile kwiinkqubo ezifuna ukufikelela okuzinzileyo nokuthe ngqo, kubandakanya i-arthroscopy, i-laparoscopy, i-thoracoscopy, i-rhinoscopy, i-cystoscopy, i-hysteroscopy, kunye ne-otoscopy. Ububanzi beTelescope buhlala buqala kwi-1.2 mm ukuya kwi-10 mm, ubude buyi-10-35 cm; i-endoscope eyi-5-mm yanele kwiimeko ezininzi ze-laparoscopic yezilwanyana ezincinci kwaye sisixhobo esisebenzisekayo kwi-urethroscopy, i-cystoscopy, i-rhinoscopy, kunye ne-otoscopy, nangona iisheaths zokukhusela zicetyiswa kwiimodeli ezincinci. Ii-engile zokujonga ezizinzileyo ze-0°, 30°, 70°, okanye 90° zivumela ukubonakala kwethagethi; i-endoscope eyi-0° yeyona ilula ukuyisebenzisa kodwa inika umbono omncinci kunemodeli ye-25°–30°. Iiteleskopu ezingama-30-cm, 5-mm ziluncedo kakhulu kwiindlela ezincinci zotyando lwe-laparoscopic kunye nesifuba. Nangona zinokuguquguquka okuncinci, ii-endoscopes eziqinileyo zibonelela ngemifanekiso ezinzileyo nesemgangathweni ophezulu, ebaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo zotyando ezichanekileyo (Miller, 2019; Pavletic & Riehl, 2018). Zikwabonelela ngokufikelela ekubonweni kwesifo kunye neenkqubo ezilula ze-biopsy (Van Lue et al., 2009).
2. Ii-Endoscopes eziguquguqukayo:Ii-endoscopes eziguquguqukayo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kunyango lwezilwanyana ngenxa yokuba ziyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nokukwazi ukuhamba kwii-anatomical curves. Ziqulathe ityhubhu yokufakelwa eguquguqukayo equlethe inqwaba ye-fiber optics okanye ikhamera encinci, efanelekileyo yokuhlola indlela yokugaya ukutya, indlela yokuphefumla, kunye nendlela yomchamo (Boulos & Dujardin, 2020; Wylie & Fielding, 2020) [3, 32]. Ububanzi beetyhubhu zokufakelwa buqala ngaphantsi kwe-1 mm ukuya kwi-14 mm, kwaye ubude buqala kwi-55 ukuya kwi-170 cm. Ii-endoscopes ezinde (>125 cm) zisetyenziselwa i-duodenoscopy kunye ne-colonoscopy kwizinja ezinkulu.
Ii-endoscopes eziguquguqukayo ziquka ii-endoscopes ze-fiber optic kunye nee-endoscopes zevidiyo, ezahluka ngeendlela zazo zokudlulisa umfanekiso. Usetyenziso luquka i-bronchoscopy, i-endoscopy yesisu, kunye ne-urinalysis. Ii-endoscopes ze-fiber optic zidlulisela imifanekiso kwi-eyepiece nge-bundle yee-fibers ze-optical, ezihlala zixhotyiswe ngekhamera ye-CCD yokubonisa nokurekhoda. Zifikeleleka kwaye ziyaphatheka, kodwa zivelisa imifanekiso enesisombululo esiphantsi kwaye zisengozini yokuqhekeka kwefayibha. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-endoscopes zevidiyo zibamba imifanekiso nge-chip ye-CCD kwincam ekude kwaye ziyithumele nge-elektroniki, zibonelela ngomgangatho ophezulu womfanekiso ngexabiso eliphezulu. Ukungabikho kwe-fiber bundle kususa amabala amnyama abangelwa kukonakala kwefayibha, kuqinisekisa imifanekiso ecacileyo. Iinkqubo zekhamera zanamhlanje zibamba imifanekiso enesisombululo esiphezulu, yexesha langempela kwi-monitor yangaphandle. I-High definition (1080p) iqhelekile, kunye neekhamera ze-4K ezibonelela ngokuchaneka okuphuculweyo kokuxilonga (Barton & Rew, 2021; Raspanti & Perrone, 2021). Iikhamera ze-CCD ezine-chip ezintathu zibonelela ngombala ongcono kunye neenkcukacha kuneenkqubo ze-single-chip, ngelixa ifomathi yevidiyo ye-RGB inikezela ngomgangatho ongcono. Umthombo wokukhanya ubalulekile ekuboniseni ngaphakathi; Izibane ze-xenon (100-300 watts) zikhanya kwaye zicacile kunezibane ze-halogen. Ngokuya kusanda, imithombo yokukhanya ye-LED isetyenziswa ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okupholileyo, ubomi obude, kunye nokukhanya okuhlala kuhleli (Kaushik & Narula, 2018; Schwarz & McLeod, 2020). Ukukhulisa nokucaca kubalulekile ekuvavanyeni izakhiwo ezincinci kwiinkqubo eziqinileyo neziguquguqukayo (Miller, 2019; Thiemann & Neuhaus, 2019). Izixhobo ezifana ne-biopsy forceps, izixhobo ze-electrocautery, kunye neebhasikithi zokufumana amatye zivumela iisampulu zokuxilonga kunye neenkqubo zonyango kwinkqubo enye engenamandla kangako (Wylie & Fielding, 2020; Barton & Rew, 2021). Iimonitha zibonisa imifanekiso yexesha langempela, zixhasa ukubonakala ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokurekhoda. Iividiyo ezirekhodiweyo zinceda ekuxilongeni, ekuqeqesheni, nasekuphononongweni kwamatyala (Kaushik & Narula, 2018; Pavletic & Riehl, 2018) [18, 19]. Inkqubo yokuhlambulula iphucula ukubonakala ngokususa ukungcola kwilensi, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-endoscopy yesisu (Raspanti & Perrone, 2021; Schwarz & McLeod, 2020).
Iindlela kunye neenkqubo ze-Endoscopy yezilwanyana
I-Endoscopy kunyango lwezilwanyana isebenza zombini iinjongo zokuxilonga kunye nezokunyanga kwaye ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yendlela yanamhlanje yokungenelela kancinci. Umsebenzi oyintloko we-endoscopy yokuxilonga kukubona ngokuthe ngqo izakhiwo zangaphakathi, okuvumela ukuchongwa kotshintsho lwe-pathological olunokungabonakali ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokujonga ezifana ne-radiography. Ibaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni izifo zesisu, izifo zokuphefumla, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwendlela yomchamo, apho uvavanyo lwangempela lwe-mucosal surfaces kunye nezakhiwo ze-luminal luvumela ukuxilongwa ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi (Miller, 2019).
Ngaphaya kokuxilongwa, i-endoscopy yonyango inikezela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwezonyango. Oku kuquka ukuhanjiswa kwamayeza kwindawo ethile, ukubekwa kwezinto ezifakelweyo zonyango, ukwandiswa kwezakhiwo zetyhubhu ezixineneyo okanye ezivalekileyo, kunye nokufunyanwa kwemizimba yangaphandle okanye amatye kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezidluliselwe kwi-endoscope (Samuel et al., 2023). Iindlela ze-endoscopic zivumela oogqirha bezilwanyana ukuba balawule iimeko ezininzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sotyando oluvulekileyo. Iinkqubo zonyango eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukususwa kwemizimba yangaphandle eginyiweyo okanye ephefumliweyo kwimijelo yesisu kunye nokuphefumla, ukufunyanwa kwamatye esinyini, kunye nokungenelela okujoliswe kuko kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezidluliselwe kwi-endoscope. I-endoscopic biopsies kunye ne-tissue sampling ziphakathi kweenkqubo ezenziwa rhoqo kunyango lwezilwanyana. Ukukwazi ukufumana iisampulu zezicubu ezimeleyo zelungu elichaphazelekayo phantsi kokubona ngqo kubalulekile ekuxilongeni iithumba, ukudumba, kunye nezifo ezosulelayo, ngaloo ndlela kukhokele amaqhinga afanelekileyo okunyanga (Raspanti & Perrone, 2021).
Kwizilwanyana ezincinci, ukususwa komzimba wangaphandle kuhlala yenye yezona mpawu zixhaphakileyo ze-endoscopy, inika enye indlela ekhuselekileyo nengangenisi kakhulu endaweni yotyando lokuhlola. Ngaphezu koko, i-endoscopy idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni iinkqubo zotyando ezingangenisi kakhulu ezifana ne-laparoscopic oophorectomy kunye ne-cystectomy. Ezi nkqubo zincediswa yi-endoscopic, xa zithelekiswa neendlela zotyando ezivulekileyo zendabuko, zinxulunyaniswa nokunciphisa ukwenzakala kwezicubu, amaxesha amafutshane okuchacha, iintlungu ezimbalwa emva kotyando, kunye neziphumo eziphuculweyo zobuhle (Kaushik & Narula, 2018). Ngokubanzi, ezi ndlela zibonisa indima ekhulayo ye-endoscopy yezilwanyana njengesixhobo sokuxilonga nesonyango kunyango lwezilwanyana lwanamhlanje. Ii-Endoscopes ezisetyenziswa kunyango lwezilwanyana nazo zinokuhlulwa ngokwendlela ezisetyenziselwa ngayo. Itheyibhile 1 ichaza ii-endoscopes ezisetyenziswa kakhulu.
3. Ubuchule bobuchwephesha kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwi-Endoscopy yezilwanyana
Ubuchule bobuchwephesha bungumthombo oqhuba utshintsho lwe-endoscopy yezilwanyana ukusuka kwisixhobo sokuxilonga ukuya kwiqonga lezifundo ezininzi zonyango oluchanekileyo. Ixesha lanamhlanje lovavanyo lwe-endoscopic kwindlela yokusebenza kwezilwanyana libonakaliswa kukudibana kwe-optics, i-robotics, i-digital imaging, kunye nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, okujolise ekuphuculeni ukubonakala, ukusebenza, kunye nokutolikwa kokuxilongwa. Ezi zinto zintsha ziphucule kakhulu ukhuseleko lwenkqubo, zanciphisa ukungenelela kotyando, kwaye zandisa izicelo zeklinikhi kwizilwanyana ezihamba nazo, izilwanyana zasefama, kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana zasendle (Tonutti et al., 2017). Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, i-endoscopy yezilwanyana izuze kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji oluphucule umgangatho womfanekiso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo iyonke.
3.1Uyilo lweMifanekiso kunye noLwakhiwo:Intliziyo yayo nayiphi na inkqubo ye-endoscopic inamandla ayo okufota. Ii-endoscopes zakuqala zazisebenzisa ii-fiber optic bundles zokuhambisa ukukhanya, kodwa olu sisombululo somfanekiso esilinganiselweyo kunye nokuthembeka kombala. Uphuhliso lwezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo zokutshaja (ii-CCD) kunye nee-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (i-CMOS) sensors zaguqula umfanekiso ngokuvumela ukuguqulwa kwedijithali ngqo kwi-endoscope tip, ukuphucula isisombululo sendawo kunye nokunciphisa ingxolo (iRadhakrishnan, 2016). Iinkqubo zesisombululo se-High-definition (HD) kunye ne-4K zandisa ngakumbi iinkcukacha kunye nomahluko wombala kwaye ngoku zisemgangathweni kwiziko lezilwanyana eziphambili zokubona ngokuchanekileyo izakhiwo ezincinci ezifana ne-bronchi, i-bile ducts, kunye nezitho ze-urogenital. I-Narrow-band imaging (NBI), eguqulwe kwiyeza zabantu, isebenzisa ukucoca okubonakalayo ukugqamisa iipateni ze-mucosal kunye ne-vascular, inceda ekufumaneni kwangethuba ukudumba kunye nokwakheka kwethumba (iGulati et al., 2020).
I-endoscopy esekelwe kwi-fluorescence, esebenzisa ukukhanya okukufutshane ne-infrared okanye i-ultraviolet, ivumela ukubonwa kwezicubu ezibhalwe ilebhile kunye nokuphalaza kwegazi ngexesha langempela. Kwi-oncology yezilwanyana kunye ne-hepatology, iphucula ukuchaneka kokufunyanwa komda we-tumor kunye ne-biopsy. UYaghobian et al. (2024) bafumanise ukuba i-endoscopy ye-fluorescence yayibonisa ngokufanelekileyo inkqubo ye-hepatic microvascular ngexesha lotyando lwesibindi lwenja i-laparoscopic. I-endoscopy ye-3D kunye ne-stereoscopic yonyusa ukuqonda okunzulu, kubalulekile kwi-anatomy entle, kwaye iinkqubo zanamhlanje ezikhaphukhaphu zinciphisa ukudinwa komqhubi (Fransson, 2014; Iber et al., 2025). Ubuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa buphinde bavela kwiinkqubo ze-halogen ukuya kwi-xenon kunye ne-LED. Ii-LED zibonelela ngokukhanya okuphezulu, ukuqina, kunye nokuveliswa kobushushu obuncinci, kunciphisa ukwenzakala kwezicubu ngexesha leenkqubo ezinde. Xa zidityaniswe nezihluzi ze-optical kunye nolawulo lokufumana i-digital, ezi nkqubo zibonelela ngokukhanya okuqhubekekayo kunye nokubonakala okuphezulu kwi-endoscopy yezilwanyana echanekileyo kakhulu (Tonutti et al., 2017).
3.2Ukuhlanganiswa kweRobhothi kunye neMechatronics:Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-robotics kwi-endoscopy yezilwanyana kuphucula kakhulu ukuchaneka kotyando kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-ergonomic. Iinkqubo ezincediswa yi-robotic zibonelela ngokuguquguquka okuphezulu kunye nolawulo lokuhamba, okuvumela ukuphathwa ngokuchanekileyo kwiindawo ezivaliweyo ze-anatomical ngelixa kunciphisa ukungcangcazela kunye nokudinwa komqhubi. Iinkqubo zabantu ezilungisiweyo, ezifana ne-da Vinci Surgical System kunye ne-EndoAssist, kunye neeprototypes zezilwanyana ezifana ne-Viky robotic arm kunye ne-telemanipulators, ziphucule ukuchaneka kwi-laparoscopic suturing kunye nokubopha amaqhina (Liu & Huang, 2024). I-Robotic actuation ikwaxhasa utyando lwe-laparoscopic olune-port enye, okuvumela imisebenzi emininzi yezixhobo ngokusebenzisa i-incision enye ukunciphisa ukwenzakala kwezicubu kunye nokukhawulezisa ukuphinda kusebenze. Iinkqubo ze-microrobotic ezintsha ezixhotyiswe ngeekhamera kunye nee-sensors zibonelela ngokuhamba kwe-endoscopic okuzenzakalelayo kwizilwanyana ezincinci, kwandisa ukufikelela kwizitho zangaphakathi ezingafikelelekiyo yi-endoscopes eqhelekileyo (Kaffas et al., 2024). Ukuhlanganiswa nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa kwenza amaqonga e-robotic aqaphele iimpawu ze-anatomical, alungise intshukumo ngokuzimeleyo, kwaye ancede kwiinkqubo ezizenzekelayo phantsi kweliso logqirha wezilwanyana (Gomes et al., 2025).
3.3Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye ne-Endoscopy yeKhompyutha:Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa bube sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuphucula uhlalutyo lomfanekiso, ukwenza imisebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo, kunye nokutolika ukuxilongwa kwe-endoscopic. Iimodeli zombono wekhompyutha eziqhutywa yi-AI, ngakumbi iinethiwekhi ze-convolutional neural (CNNs), ziqeqeshwa ukuchonga izifo ezifana nezilonda, ii-polyps, kunye neethumba kwimifanekiso ye-endoscopic ngokuchanekileyo okufana okanye okugqithileyo kweengcali zabantu (Gomes et al., 2025). Kwizonyango lwezilwanyana, iimodeli ze-AI zenzelwe ukuba ziqwalasele umahluko othile we-anatomical kunye ne-histological, nto leyo ephawula ixesha elitsha kwimifanekiso yezilwanyana ezininzi. Enye indlela ephawulekayo yokusebenzisa ibandakanya ukufunyanwa kwesilonda ngexesha langempela kunye nokwahlulahlula ngexesha le-endoscopy yesisu. Ii-algorithms zihlalutya imijelo yevidiyo ukuze zibonise iindawo ezingaqhelekanga, zinceda oogqirha ekwenzeni izigqibo ezikhawulezayo nezihambelanayo (Prasad et al., 2021).
Ngokufanayo, izixhobo zokufunda koomatshini zisetyenzisiwe kwimifanekiso ye-bronchoscopic ukuchonga ukudumba komoya kwangethuba ezinjeni nakwiikati (Brandão & Chernov, 2020). I-AI ikwanceda ekucwangcisweni kwenkqubo kunye nohlalutyo lwasemva kotyando. Idatha evela kwiindlela zotyando zangaphambili ingadityaniswa ukuze kuqikelelwe iindawo ezifanelekileyo zokungena, indlela yezixhobo, kunye nemingcipheko yeengxaki. Ngaphezu koko, uhlalutyo lokuqikelela lunokuvavanya iziphumo zasemva kotyando kunye namathuba eengxaki, lukhokela izigqibo zeklinikhi (Diez & Wohllebe, 2025). Ngaphaya kokuxilongwa, i-AI ixhasa ukulungiswa komsebenzi, ukwenza lula amaxwebhu etyala kunye nemfundo ngokusebenzisa izichazi-magama ezenzekelayo, ukuvelisa ingxelo, kunye nokumakishwa kwemetadata kwiividiyo ezirekhodiweyo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AI kunye namaqonga e-endoscopy akude asekelwe kwilifu kuphucula ukufikeleleka kwiingcebiso zeengcali, okwenza kube lula ukuxilongwa ngokubambisana nakwiindawo ezikude.
3.4Iinkqubo zoQeqesho lweNqobo eziSebenzayo neziNgcono:Imfundo noqeqesho kwi-endoscopy yezilwanyana ngokwembali ziye zabangela imingeni ebalulekileyo ngenxa yendlela yokufunda ende enxulunyaniswa nokuhamba ngekhamera kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvela kwe-virtual reality (VR) kunye ne-augmented reality (AR) simulators kutshintshe indlela yokufundisa, kubonelela ngeendawo ezizikisayo eziphinda iinkqubo zobomi bokwenyani (Aghapour & Bockstahler, 2022). Ezi nkqubo zilinganisa impendulo echukumisekayo (ukuchukumisa), ukumelana, kunye nokuphazamiseka okubonakalayo okufunyenwe ngexesha lokungenelela kwe-endoscopic. UFinocchiaro et al. (2021) babonise ukuba ii-VR-based endoscopy simulators ziphucula ukulungelelaniswa kwesandla neliso, zinciphisa umthwalo wokuqonda, kwaye zifinyeza kakhulu ixesha elifunekayo ukuze kufezekiswe ubuchule benkqubo. Ngokufanayo, ii-AR overlays zivumela abaqeqeshwayo ukuba babone iimpawu ze-anatomical kwiinkqubo zexesha langempela, ziphucula ulwazi lwendawo kunye nokuchaneka. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo kuhambelana nomgaqo we-3R (ukutshintsha, ukunciphisa, ukwenza ngcono), ukunciphisa isidingo sokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana eziphilayo kwimfundo yotyando. Uqeqesho lwe-VR lukwabonelela ngamathuba ovavanyo lwezakhono ezisemgangathweni. Imilinganiselo yokusebenza efana nexesha lokuhamba, ukuchaneka kokuphathwa kwezicubu, kunye nezinga lokugqitywa kwenkqubo linokulinganiswa, okuvumela uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lobuchule bomfundi. Le ndlela iqhutywa yidatha ngoku ifakwa kwiinkqubo zokuqinisekiswa kotyando lwezilwanyana.
3.5I-Endoscopy ekude kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweLifu:Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-telemedicine kunye ne-endoscopy kubonisa enye inkqubela ebalulekileyo ekuxilongweni kwezilwanyana. I-endoscopy ekude, ngokusasazwa kwevidiyo ngexesha langempela, ivumela ukubona kude, ukubonisana, kunye nesikhokelo seengcali ngexesha leenkqubo ngokwazo. Oku kuluncedo ngakumbi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni nezingenazo izixhobo apho ukufikelela kwiingcali kunqongophele khona (Diez & Wohllebe, 2025). Ngophuhliso lwe-intanethi ekhawulezayo kunye neetekhnoloji zonxibelelwano ze-5G, ukusasazwa kwedatha engenalo ixesha elide kuvumela oogqirha bezilwanyana ukuba bafune izimvo zeengcali ezikude kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo. Amaqonga okugcina imifanekiso kunye nohlalutyo asekelwe kwilifu andisa ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwedatha ye-endoscopic. Iinkqubo ezirekhodiweyo zinokugcinwa, zichazwe, kwaye zabelwane ngazo zonke iinethiwekhi zezilwanyana ukuze kuhlolwe ngontanga okanye kuqhutyekwe nemfundo. Ezi nkqubo zikwadibanisa iiprotokholi zokhuseleko lwe-cyber kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-blockchain ukugcina ukuthembeka kwedatha kunye nobumfihlo babathengi, okubaluleke kakhulu kwiirekhodi zeklinikhi.
3.6I-Endoscopy yeCapsule yevidiyo yexesha langempela (RT-VCE):Inkqubela phambili yakutshanje kubuchwepheshe bokufota ikhokelele ekungenisweni kwe-video capsule endoscopy (VCE), indlela engaphantsi kakhulu evumela uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwe-mucosa yamathumbu. I-Real-time video capsule endoscopy (RT-VCE) imele inkqubela phambili, evumela ukubonwa okuqhubekayo, ngexesha langempela kwendlela yamathumbu ukusuka kwi-esophagus ukuya kwi-rectum kusetyenziswa i-capsule engenazingcingo. I-RT-VCE isusa isidingo se-anesthesia, inciphisa iingozi zenkqubo, kwaye iphucula intuthuzelo yesigulana, ngelixa ibonelela ngemifanekiso ephezulu yomphezulu we-mucosal, njengoko kubikwe nguJang et al. (2025). Nangona isetyenziswa kakhulu kunyango lwabantu.
Sivuya kakhulu ukwabelana ngenkqubela phambili kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamva nje kwi-endoscopy yezilwanyana. Njengomvelisi waseTshayina, sinikezela ngoluhlu lwezixhobo ze-endoscopic ukuxhasa eli candelo.
Thina, Jiangxi Zhuoruihua Medical Instrument Co.,Ltd., singumvelisi eTshayina ogxile kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo ze-endoscopic, kuquka uthotho lwe-Endotherapy olufana nolui-biopsy forceps, i-hemoclip, umgibe we-polyp, inaliti ye-sclerotherapy, i-catheter yokutshiza,iibhrashi ze-cytology, ucingo lwesikhokelo, ibhaskithi yokuqokelela amatye, i-cathete yokukhupha amanzi empumlweni njl.njl.ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiI-EMR, I-ESD, I-ERCP.
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Ixesha leposi: Epreli-03-2026